Introduction. The Pateman Vincent Statement From 2010

Introduction The Pateman Vincent statement from 2010 suggests that the library profession is either oblivious to, or choosing to ignore the plight of those most in need in society. Seven years on, there is no halt in the growing gap between rich and poor and public libraries are still justifying their existence, in a climate of declining funding for services. Changes to the UK welfare system have accelerated, with a drive for government services to be ‘digital by default’ (Rust, 2014). Public libraries and their staff are amongst the best placed in society to provide not only access to technology but the support required for customers to use it to navigate the complicated benefits system and other services which are now only available†¦show more content†¦As times have changed and technology has advanced, the wealth of information has increased and focus has shifted from traditional literacy to improving the digital and information literacy of the most vulnerable in society . Chowdhury, Burton, McMenemy and Poulter (2008) assert that libraries view tackling digital inclusion as their principal contribution to addressing social inclusion. It is important to review the role CILIP (Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals) is playing in promoting social justice. The nationally acclaimed ‘Libraries Change Lives Award’ is an excellent example of the varied projects having significant impact on local communities. Recent winners have included a digital education initiative for children and parents, a project centred on domestic violence and a partnership programme with prisons. CILIP (2017). Initiatives such as this, which celebrate the contribution libraries make to society, is an inspiration for all who work in public libraries and demonstrates the direction the profession should be travelling in. Also, at a professional level it is worth noting that this year s conference for two of CILIP’s special interest groups (Public Mobile Libraries, Community, Equality Diversity) is titled, ‘Public Libraries for Social, Digital and Economic Inclusion’. This event in October ‘explores future direction and best practice for inclusion’ and highlights how relevant issues surrounding social inclusion are for

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1308 Words

In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Benvolio said, â€Å"Alas, that love, so gentle in his view,/ Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof!†(1.1.165-166) Benvolio suggests that love seems nice, peaceful, and innocent, but in reality it can be disastrous and even deadly. A world famous author and poet by the name of William Shakespeare wrote The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet in 1597. Romeo and Juliet is known as one of the best love stories in history. There are many significant characters in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet: Romeo, Juliet, Benvolio, Tybalt, the Nurse to Juliet, Friar Lawrence, Mercutio, Lord Capulet, and Lady Capulet. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is the heart-wrending love story of two people who want to be together (Romeo and Juliet), but they cannot because their families are rivals. In the end, the two star-crossed lovers do not live happily ever after. Instead, they both perish. Why did their lives end so tragically? Ultimately, the prideful and foolish a ctions of the Capulets and Montagues, Friar Laurence, Romeo, and Juliet caused their untimely deaths. First of all, The Capulets and Montagues are most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. They would not let Romeo and Juliet be together because their families were involved in a feud. Lord Capulet is further to blame because he tried to force a marriage between Juliet and Paris. During Act III scene IV, Juliet discovers the death of her dear cousin, Tybalt, and the banishment of her dear Romeo.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Criminal Justice System free essay sample

The police enforce the law, investigate crimes, apprehend offenders, reduce and prevent crime, maintain public order, ensure community safety, provide emergency and related community services, and protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals (Schmalleger, 2009). In my opinion, I feel that this is the most important component to the criminal justice system. This component is very important due to the fact that they are the ones who are enforcing the law, and if the criminals are not abiding by these rules, then it is their job to apprehend them and take them into custody and off these streets. The second components are the criminal courts. They conduct fair and impartial trials, decide criminal cases, ensure due process, determine guilt or innocence, impose sentences on the guilty, uphold the law, require fairness throughout the justice process, protect the rights and freedoms of anyone facing processing by the justice system, and provide a check on the exercise of power by other justice system agencies (Schmalleger, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The criminals courts are the once who have the answer or the final say to what type of punishment the criminals will be sentenced. This component would be the one that serves justice to any victims or victims’ families, if any. The final component that creates the criminal justice system is the correctional agencies. They carry out sentences imposed by the courts, provide safe and humane custody and supervision of offenders, protect the community, rehabilitate, reform, and reintegrate convicted offenders back into the community, and respect the legal and human rights of the convicted (Schmalleger, 2009). The correctional agencies are the new home for the criminals. These agencies are funded by tax payers. The criminals are being watched twenty four hours of their day. It takes away their freedom they once had. This component of the criminal justice system is the most influenced one. When a criminal commits a crime, they are obligated to serve their time at the correctional agency. These three components are put together as a systematic tool to help bring justice for those who choose to make bad decisions. It helps the criminal justice system be more organized in the procedures they use to reprimand the â€Å"bad guys†. The relationship to law, that the criminal justice has are the rules. As I mentioned above, society uses the law in our everyday lives. We make decisions in our lives. Those who chose to make the wrong decisions, are the ones that are breaking the rules or the law, have serious consequences. The criminal justice system operates at multiple levels of government: the local, state, and federal levels. Because the vast majority of criminal activity is handled by state and local authorities, we focus in this report on the role of the state and local governments in California’s criminal justice system. The primary goal of the system is to provide public safety by deterring and preventing crime, incarcerating individuals who commit crime, and reintegrating criminals back into the community (Californias Criminal Justice System: A Primer, 2007). In conclusion, the criminal justice system is a structured element that the government has created to give society the ability to understand that they must follow the law. Individuals that choose to break the law will have consequences by our enforcers. Criminal Justice System free essay sample Analyzes reasons for systems ineffectiveness in reducing crime, costs, effect on social funding, prisons, attitudes of criminals and recidivism. (more)

The American Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

The American Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay The American DreamThere is no set definition to be found anywhere of the true meaning of The American Dream. Any hope, dream, or goal which was pursued by anyone in the history of America is on an American Dream.In modern times the accepted dream seems to be 2.5 children, a house with a white picket fence, and a perfect spouse. However, as it is shown through out literature from the early days of America to contemporary times the American Dream is not always so simple a concept. America was originally founded on the dream of freedom.People have freedom to pursue what they want.That is the ideal behind the American Dream. Early stories in American literature are about peoples pursuit of the freedom to worship as they pleased. Another version of the American Dream is the hope that immmigrants had of building a better life for their children than they had, as shown in the book My Antonia. Another is the search for acceptance, which is shown in the book Black Boy. Another is simply the h ope to survive, as shown in the book Lord of the Flies. Whatever the dream, the most interesting thing that can be read or written about it is the drive of people to attain it.This is best shown in The Great Gatsby. We will write a custom essay on The American Dream In The Great Gatsby specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Pursuit of the American Dream in The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby,a novel by F,Scott Fitzgerald,is about the American Dream,and the downfall of the people who try to reach it.The American Dream means something different to different people,but in The Great Gatsby,for Jay Gatsby,the subject of the book,the dream is that through acquiring wealth and power,one can also gain happiness.To reach his idea of what happiness is,Gatsby must go back in time and relive an old dream.To do this,he believes,he must first have wealth and power. Jay Gatsby is a man who does not wish to live in the present because it offers him nothing.He spends the majority of his adult life trying to recapture his past and,eventually,dies in his pursuit of it.The reason he wishes to relive the past is because long ago he had a love affair with the rich Daisy Buchanan,who he fell deeply in love with.However,he knew that they could never get married due to the difference in their economic and social statuses.He wants to marry her,but because of this problem he leaves her to gain wealth and social status in order to reach her standards.Once he reaches his goal of gaining the appropriate amount of wealth,he buys a house which is close to hersGatsby bought that house so Daisy would be just across the bay(p83).He throws huge,extravagant parties,in hope that she might happen to show up at one of them.Gatsby does not actually even attend thes parties,as he is not much of a socializer,instead he only watches them from a distance,inside his house.Aft er a while he grows tired of waiting for Daisy to show up,So he tries to find out if anyone knows her by asking around.Eventually he meets Nick Carraway,the narrator of the novel,who is a cousin of Daisy.After some discussion Nick agrees to set up a meeting between Gatsby and Daisy.Gatsbys personal dream symbolizes a larger version of the American Dream where everyone has the opportunity to try to get what they want. Later on in the novel,it is shown that Gatsby thinks that Daisy feels the same way about him that he does about her.It proves that he is convinced of this when he takes the blame for the death of Myrtle.He says that he was driving when in reality Daisy was.He also feels the need to watch over her and protest her as she returns home.Unfortunately for him,Gatsby cannot seem to accept the fact that the past is over and gone.He is determined to capture his dream and is positive that he can do this because of his wealth and power.He also thinks that he was acting for a greater good beyond his own personal gain and that should definitely grant him success.Nick Carraway tries to show Gatsby the futility in trying to fulfill his dream by assuring Gatsby that no one can relive the past no matter how hard the try,but Gatsby is sure that he can and repliesYes you can,old sport(155).This proves the confidence he has in his American Dream.His dream,although it may seem that way,is not material po ssesions,money,or social status.He only gains these things an hope that he can fulfill what is really his American Dream,the love of Daisy. .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .postImageUrl , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:hover , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:visited , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:active { border:0!important; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:active , .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26924bd73e07c8308ca6aaed257e823c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The role of Antonio in Shakespeare's Tempest EssayGatsby refuses to give up until he reaches the fulfillment of his American Dream.The sad thing is that he never does,and he ends up dyingwithout it ever happening.There is one truth about the idea of the American Dream,wether its a better life for ones children,acceptance,or merely survival;everyone wants something out of life and everyone,in their own way,tries to get it.

Free Essays on Murder In The First

Murder in the First â€Å"A society that respects life does not deliberately kill human beings. An execution is a violent public spectacle of official homicide, and one that endorses killing to solve social problems - the worst possible example to set for the citizenry. The benefits of capital punishment are illusory, but the bloodshed and the resulting destruction of community decency are real.† Hugo Bedau, in The Case Against the Death Penalty In American society, the threat of capital punishment stands as the ultimate sentence for a criminal. The moral ramifications of the taking of another life, whether it be by murder or as legally accepted punishment, remains an unresolved conflict between Americans. Despite the fact that capital punishment, otherwise known as the "death penalty", is legal in only a handful of countries in the world, the majority of Americans regard it as acceptable retribution. In the 1981 Gallup Poll, two-thirds of Americans voiced general approval of capital punishment. By 1994, the same poll concluded that a tremendous 80% of Americans approved of capital punishment (Moore, 1994:5). It is no wonder that many of our countries leaders endorse the death penalty. The former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, believes that mass executions of "27 or 30 or 35 people at a time" would be effective in the reduction of the importation of illegal drugs in to America (Taylor, 1995). In 1972, capital punishment was eradicated in the United States when the Supreme Court declared that under then existing laws "imposition and carrying out of the death penalty... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th and 14th amendments." (Fruman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238). This decision, however, was repealed in 1976 by the Supreme Court. Advocates of capital punishment claim that it is an effective deterrent against cr... Free Essays on Murder In The First Free Essays on Murder In The First Murder in the First â€Å"A society that respects life does not deliberately kill human beings. An execution is a violent public spectacle of official homicide, and one that endorses killing to solve social problems - the worst possible example to set for the citizenry. The benefits of capital punishment are illusory, but the bloodshed and the resulting destruction of community decency are real.† Hugo Bedau, in The Case Against the Death Penalty In American society, the threat of capital punishment stands as the ultimate sentence for a criminal. The moral ramifications of the taking of another life, whether it be by murder or as legally accepted punishment, remains an unresolved conflict between Americans. Despite the fact that capital punishment, otherwise known as the "death penalty", is legal in only a handful of countries in the world, the majority of Americans regard it as acceptable retribution. In the 1981 Gallup Poll, two-thirds of Americans voiced general approval of capital punishment. By 1994, the same poll concluded that a tremendous 80% of Americans approved of capital punishment (Moore, 1994:5). It is no wonder that many of our countries leaders endorse the death penalty. The former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, believes that mass executions of "27 or 30 or 35 people at a time" would be effective in the reduction of the importation of illegal drugs in to America (Taylor, 1995). In 1972, capital punishment was eradicated in the United States when the Supreme Court declared that under then existing laws "imposition and carrying out of the death penalty... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th and 14th amendments." (Fruman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238). This decision, however, was repealed in 1976 by the Supreme Court. Advocates of capital punishment claim that it is an effective deterrent against cr...

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer Judith Sargent Murray (May 1, 1751–July 6, 1820) was an early American feminist who wrote essays on  political, social, and religious themes. She was also a gifted poet and dramatist, and her letters, some recently discovered, give insight into her life during and after the American Revolution.  She is especially known for her essays about the American Revolution under the pseudonym The Gleaner and for her feminist essay, On the Equality of the Sexes.   Fast Facts: Judith Sargent Murray Known For: Early feminist essayist, poet, novelist, and dramatistBorn: May 1, 1751 in Gloucester, MassachusettsParents: Winthrop Sargent and Judith SaundersDied: July 6, 1820 in Natchez, MississippiEducation: Tutored at homePublished Works: On the Equality of the Sexes, Sketch of the Present Situation in America, Story of Margaretta, Virtue Triumphant, and The Traveller ReturnedSpouse(s): Captain John Stevens (m. 1769–1786); Rev. John Murray (m. 1788–1809).Children: With John Murray: George (1789) who died as an infant, and a daughter, Julia Maria Murray (1791–1822) Early Life Judith Sargent Murray was born Judith Sargent on May 1, 1751, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to shipowner and merchant Captain Winthrop Sargent (1727–1793) and his wife Judith Saunders (1731–1793). She was the oldest of the eight Sargent children. At first, Judith was educated at home and learned basic reading and writing. Her brother Winthrop, who was intended to go to Harvard, received a more advanced education at home, but when their parents recognized Judiths exceptional abilities she was allowed to share Winthrops training in classical Greek and Latin. Winthrop went did go on to Harvard, and Judith later noted that she, being female, had no such possibilities. Her first marriage, on October 3, 1769, was to Captain John Stevens, a well-to-do sea captain and trader. They had no children but adopted two of her husbands nieces and one of her own, Polly Odell. Universalism In the 1770s, Judith Stevens turned away from the Calvinism of the Congregational church she was raised in and became involved in Universalism. Calvinists said that only believers could be saved, and nonbelievers were doomed. In contrast, Universalists believed that all human beings could be saved and all people were equal. The movement was brought to Massachusetts by Rev. John Murray, who arrived in Gloucester in 1774, and Judith and her families the Sargents and the Stevens converted to Universalism. Judith Sargent Stevens and John Murray began a long correspondence and respectful friendship: in this she defied custom, which suggested it was suspect for a married woman to correspond with a man who was unrelated to her. By 1775, the Stevens family had fallen into serious  financial difficulties when the American Revolution interfered with shipping and trade, difficulties that may have been heightened by Stevens mismanagement of finances. To help out, Judith began writing; her first poems were written in 1775. Judiths first essay was Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms, which was published in 1784 under the pseudonym Constancia in the Boston periodical, Gentleman and Ladys Town and Country Magazine.  In 1786, Captain Stevens, to avoid debtors prison and in hopes of turning his finances around, sailed to the West Indies, but he died there in 1786. After the death of Captain Stevens, the friendship between John Murray and Judith Stevens blossomed into courtship, and on October 6, 1788, they married.   Travel and a Widening Sphere Judith Sargent Murray accompanied her new husband on many of his preaching tours, and they counted among acquaintances and friends many early leaders of the United States, including John and Abigail Adams, Benjamin Franklins family, and Martha Custis Washington, with whom they sometimes stayed. Her letters describing these visits and her correspondence with friends and relatives are invaluable in understanding the daily life in the federal period of American history. Throughout this period, Judith Sargent Murray wrote poetry, essays, and drama: some biographers suggest the loss of her son in 1790 and her own survival of what would be called postpartum depression today spurred a burst of creativity. Her essay, On the Equality of the Sexes, written in 1779, was finally published in 1790. The essay challenges the prevailing theory that men and women are not intellectually equal, and among all of her writings, that essay established her as an early feminist theorist. She added a letter including her interpretation of the biblical Adam and Eve story, insisting that Eve was equal, if not superior, to Adam. Her daughter, Julia Maria Murray, was born in 1791. Essays and Drama In February, 1792, Murray began a series of essays for the Massachusetts Magazine titled The Gleaner (also her pseudonym), which focused on the politics of the new nation of America as well as religious and moral themes, including womens equality.  One of her common early topics was the importance of educating female children- Julia Maria was 6 months old when her mother began her column. Her novel, The Story of Margaretta, was written in a series among The Gleaner essays. It is the tale of a young woman who falls prey to a sinister lover and rejects him, and she is portrayed not as a fallen woman but rather as an intelligent heroine who is capable of forging an independent life for herself. The Murrays moved from Gloucester to Boston in 1793, where together they founded a Universalist congregation. Several of her writings reveal her role in shaping the tenets of Universalism, which was the first American religion to ordain women. Murray wrote drama first in response to a call for original work by American writers (also directed to her husband, John Murray), and though her plays did not find critical acclaim, they did achieve some popular success. Her first play was The Medium: or Virtue Triumphant, and it opened and quickly closed on the Boston stage. It was, however, the first play dramatized there by an American author. In 1798, Murray published a collection of her writings in three volumes as The Gleaner. She thereby became the first American woman to self-publish a book.  The books were sold on subscription, to help support the family.  John Adams and George Washington were among the subscribers.  In 1802 she helped to found a school for girls in Dorchester. Later Life and Death John Murray, whose health had been frail for some time, had a stroke in 1809 that paralyzed him for the rest of his life.  In 1812, her daughter Julia Maria married a wealthy Mississippian named Adam Louis Bingaman, whose family had contributed somewhat to his education while he lived with Judith and John Murray. By 1812, the Murrays were experiencing painful financial issues. Judith Murray edited and published John Murrays letters and sermons that same year, as Letters and Sketches of Sermons. John Murray died in 1815, and in 1816, Judith Sargent Murray published his autobiography, Records of the Life of the Rev. John Murray. In her last years, Judith Sargent Murray continued her correspondence with her family and friends; her daughter and husband supported her financially in her later life, and she moved to their home in Natchez, Mississippi in 1816. Judith Sargent Murray died on July 6, 1820, in Natchez at the age of 69. Legacy Judith Sargent Murray was largely forgotten as a writer until late in the 20th century. Alice Rossi resurrected On the Equality of the Sexes for a collection called The Feminist Papers  in 1974, bringing it to wider attention. In 1984, Unitarian Universalist minister, Gordon Gibson, found Judith Sargent Murrays letter books in Natchez, Mississippi- books into which she kept copies of her letters. (They are now in the Mississippi Archives.) She is the only woman from that period of time for whom we have such letter books, and these copies have allowed scholars to discover much about not only Judith Sargent Murrays life and ideas, but also about daily life in the time of the American Revolution and early Republic. In 1996, Bonnie Hurd Smith founded the Judith Sargent Murray Society to promote Judiths life and work. Smith provided useful suggestions for details in this profile, which also drew on other resources about Judith Sargent Murray. Sources Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1920. Orono: University of Maine Studies, 2012.Harris, Sharon M., ed. Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Murray, Judith Sargent [as Constancia]. The Gleaner: A Miscellaneous Production, Volumes 1–3. Boston: J. Thomas and E.T. Andrews, 1798.Rossi, Alice S., ed. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Smith, Bonnie Hurd. Judith Sargent Murray and the Emergence of an American Womens Literary Traditions. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Researcher Guide, 2018.Kritzer, Amelia Howe. â€Å"Playing with Republican Motherhood: Self-Representation in Plays by Susanna Haswell Rowson and Judith Sargent Murray.† Early American Literature 31.2, 1996. 150–166.  Ã‚  Skemp, Sheila L. First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Xerxes The Great, 'Ahasuerus' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Xerxes The Great, 'Ahasuerus' - Essay Example It is often presented as a truism that the winners write the history books. But when the subject is a figure of controversy, with both dark and light sides, it is often difficult to really see what happened in a way that highlights veracity. Looking at Xerxes I of Persia, one faces such a situation. On the one hand, Xerxes’ invasion of Greece was massive in scale, represented ingenious engineering, and resulted in the fruition of the goal of its general: a victory at Thermopylae, and the capture of Athens. On the other hand, taking Athens was essentially Xerxes’ last successful move: he faced nothing but a series of embarrassing defeats afterwards, and after the withdrawal of forces from Greece, was treated very harshly by Greek historians. The basic assumption of the current research investigation is that Xerxes, leading the Persian army after Thermopylae, represents a different and more unstable sort of commander than Xerxes before this seminal battle: after burning A thens, Xerxes seems to make nothing but poor strategic decisions. Up until his eventual murder in a court intrigue, when he was essentially disgraced as a general, and was focusing mainly on building projects, Xerxes showed a slippage of rationality and good judgment, along with an increasing inability to take counsel from his advisors and military planners.

The identification of Harry's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The identification of Harry's rights - Essay Example At this point, it should be noted that there is no problem as of the capacity of Harry to proceed to the purchase since he is not minor nor he suffers from a mental illness (s.3 Sales of Goods Act of 1979, MacLeod 2002). When ordering the table, Harry mentions to the sales assistant that he wants a table similar to that of the poster in the shop’s window; it is implied that the bed ordered should be of the same size, technical characteristics and colour as the bed illustrated in the specific poster (s.13(1) SOGA, Curtis v Ghemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co Ltd [1951], Andrews v Hopkinson [1957]); otherwise an issue of misrepresentation about quality would exist (Cranston 2000, p.148) In accordance with the case study, that bed was grey; therefore, Harry expected to receive a similar bed when making the order (s.13 (1) SOGA). At the same time, Harry picked a chair from the shop’s catalogue and made the relevant order. Again, the item ordered, the chair is defined through a photo of the item presented to the customer. This means that Harry did not have the chance to examine, closely, the size or the other qualities of the items ordered (Law Commission, 2009, p.9). He was only able to define their required characteristics through photographs. It should be noted that Harry did not explain to the seller the purpose of the goods, so the court could decide that the seller is not liable for the fact that the products are not fit for purpose (Reddy & Johnson 2011, p.22, Jewson Ltd v Leanne Teresa Boyhan [2004], BSS Group Plc v Makers (UK) Ltd (t/a Allied Services) [2011]). At this point, the following issues should be discussed: a) whether the items were accepted (s32 SOGA), and b) whether the items met the requirements of the law in regard to not fit for purpose products. The time framework available to Harry in order to make his claims should be also examined. In accordance with the Sales of goods Act 1979, the time framework for the buyer to develop claims against the seller in regard to the items sold is 28 days from the date of the sale (as such term is commonly added in contracts in order to define the ‘reasonable’ time during which the right of the buyer to reject the goods sold is retained, s35(4) SOGA). Harry’s rights, as derived from the specific sale, are active. Harry can approach the seller with a claim for faulty products within the period of 28 days from the date of the sale, meaning the date when the sale was completed, i.e. when the buyer accepted the goods (Chen-Wishart 2007, p.595). The period of 28 days had not passed; it begins from the day that Harry checked the goods, in the context that the seller has to give to the buyer a reasonable time for checking the goods and Harry was absent which means he could not check the goods (s.35 SOGA, Law Commission, 2009, p.10). Also, the English courts have held that the silence of the buyer cannot be considered as acceptance of the goods sold (Felthouse v B indley [1862], Hannah Blumenthal [1983]). However, in order for the above claims to be valid, it needs to be proved that the products sold are not fit for purpose. The law, the Sales of goods Act 1979 (SOGA), sets the criteria under which a product is considered as not fit for purpose: ‘a) it does not match the description (s.13, SOGA), b) is not of satisfactory quality (s14.2 SOGA) and c)

Accounting and Bookkeeping Services Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Accounting and Bookkeeping Services Marketing Plan Essay Marketing Vision Sorcerers Accountant will fit the needs of transitional small businesses, dealing with the growing pains of leaving an owner-operator model to hiring employees and expanding. These clients will see that Sorcerers Accountant is competitively priced, both compared with the market and with the substitute option of hiring their own bookkeepers. Clients will see that Sorcerers Accountant is extremely flexible and scalable in a way that in-house bookkeepers cannot be. To move forward with this new business line, Sorcerers Accountant will make the bookkeeping services the core of its business and a source of leads for its additional accounting services, rather than the other way around. Over time, as this transition happens, the marketing plan will be revisited to see how these clients can be better used as a source for referrals and more business. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay Goals Sorcerers Accountants goals include Personal, Marketing, Business, and Client Satisfaction goals. They are: 1. Personal To reduce the time spent on the business by Max Greenwood to a more sustainable level over a few years and to achieve professional recognition 2. Marketing Generation of large numbers of leads and press mentions 3. Business Expand sales significantly over the next three years 4. Client Satisfaction To achieve a high level of very satisfied clients Purpose Sorcerers Accountant seeks to provide a full suite of tax and management accounting services for small businesses in Chicago, Illinois, allowing business owners to not only save money over in-house accounting and ensure their compliance with tax laws, but to make valuable management decisions from their numbers. Picture When clients come to Sorcerers Accountant, the frustration of dealing with in-house bookkeepers and low-quality providers will recede. Clients will be given the time to have all of their questions answered and valuable accounting and systems advice will be given even in the initial meetings. The client will quickly understand that Sorcerers Accountant will scale their services to meet the clients needs and can add to those services as the clients needs change. They will understand that they are not entering into an onerous contract and that the cost of getting started is low. The client will be delighted the first time they receive a thank you card and small gift when theyve made their budgeted numbers for the quarter. At this point it will truly sink in that Sorcerers Accountant has their bookkeeping and accounting needs covered and that they can put away any worry that this area will be a weak link in their business. Gap Dashboard Weekly measurements of key metrics will be averaged for each month and entered in the Gap Dashboard. Personal goals will be tracked by Max Greenwood directly to make sure he is moving towards both professional recognition and a sustainable work/life balance. Marketing goals will be tracked by the CRM system and business goals will be tracked by QuickBooks. Client satisfaction numbers will be derived from the survey providers database. Whether numbers are met or not, the news will be shared on a monthly basis with the entire staff, with congratulations and discussion as to what is going right as well as a look at what is going wrong and how it can be rectified. These reports will be shared in full with the bookkeeping program manager and partially with the bookkeepers. Ideal Customer The ideal customer for Sorcerers Accountant is an owner of a very small business. Having launched within the last few years, the customer has just hired his first employee. The bookkeeping work (accounts payable and receivable, payroll, bank reconciliations, tax preparation) that the owner did for the first few years is taking more and more time and is holding him back from working on sales, marketing, and strategy for the business. The new employee has been hired to handle more of the technical work of the business, not to do bookkeeping. However, when considering the type of bookkeeping help he can afford, the customer realizes that a ten-hour-a-week employee would most likely be a student or low-skills worker who would require a great deal of training. The customer is put off by the idea of spending a great deal of time training such an individual, who may leave within a year (or even less) due to school schedule changes or finding a full-time job. He realizes that keeping the books correctly is important work, but because he understands his own value to the business, his knows his time is better spent elsewhere. He might then begin to search for professional bookkeeping options that can offer just a low-level of support by doing his own research and asking other business owners he knows. Market Description The small business accounting market consists of virtually every small business in the United States. As businesses grow larger than one person sole proprietorships, they generally require expert help with at least their tax preparation, and often with additional bookkeeping and accounting services. Even many non-employer sole proprietorships will use accounting help at some point. While some small businesses hire bookkeepers or CFOs directly, many successfully outsource these types of services. The market for Sorcerers Accountant is small businesses in the city limits of Chicago. This will represent approximately 85,000 businesses in 2010. This market can be subdivided into three groups: Non-employer firms: Without employees, these firms do not have many of the concerns of larger businesses. However, the owners must be vigilant to protect their own tax liability and sort out how their personal and business tax returns intersect. These firms are generally buyers of QuickBooks services and tax preparation services. As they grow, this group becomes ripe for outsourced bookkeeping services before they can hire a full-time in-house bookkeeper. Very small businesses: Defined for our purposes as businesses with 2-10 employees. Made up of businesses that are designed to stay small and those which are growing through a phase, these businesses require payroll services, bookkeeping, and tax preparation. They are concerned about losing control, but can generally be convinced of using outsourced accounting and bookkeeping with cost analysis. With the stakes higher, these businesses can make greater use of management accounting services, especially as most cannot afford a dedicated CFO. Many do not need a full-time bookkeeper, but can made due with part-time help, which limits their hiring options. Other small businesses: Defined for our purposes as businesses with 11 to 99 employees. Many of these businesses will have some in-house financial management and bookkeeping help. However, they may be able to save money by outsourcing these services as they are not generally core to what the business seeks to do. These businesses may be comfortable with their situation as a cash producer for their owners or intent on g rowing or positioning themselves for sale. Remarkable Difference Sorcerers Accountant offers the flexibility and low rates of an in-house bookkeeping employee, while providing all of the training, oversight, and deep knowledge of a Certified Public Accountant. Differentiators Sorcerers Accountant will achieve a competitive edge among Chicago bookkeeping services due to its combination of CPA oversight with lower-level, inexpensive labor to solve the specific problems of small business owners. Clients will receive the advantage of having a CPA review their books and propose additional advice when appropriate, while not paying much more than they would to hire their own part-time bookkeeper. This is not an inimitable competitive edge, but the market in Chicago is significantly large enough to allow for the success of Sorcerers Accountant with this strategy. Large firms ignore the small business market because they are better positioned to serve larger businesses. They are unlikely to imitate this strategy as they will find it difficult to convince small businesses that they can offer services which are affordable to them.

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations The heart is a symbolic barometer in Great Expectations that carries us from chapter to pulsating chapter. The novel's characters are forever wearing their hearts on their sleeves and in the process end up baring their souls within the text itself, and without, to the reader. What is the significance of hearts and their many states as described when Pip unfolds his own dramatic rags-to-riches-to-grace tale? Several scenes probe Miss Havisham's psyche with words about the condition of her heart. By analyzing them, we may be able to guess to what purpose Charles Dickens employs the heart imagery so frequently and so effectively. Â   For all the allusions which connect Miss Havisham to death-upon seeing her at the dressing table, Pip is immediately reminded of "some ghastly waxwork" and "a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress," (93) -she is far from dead. Keeping her alive is the promise of youth: Estella and Pip. The promise the children give Miss Havisham, however, is not wholesome or optimistic, and neither is her communication with them. The first thing Miss Havisham reveals to Pip is that she suffers from a broken heart, "[uttering] the word...with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast," (94). This seems an odd confession for an adult to heave upon a child. Private miseries are kept quiet in order to spare children from the harsh reality of adult life. Â   But Miss Havisham is not worried about sparing anyone. Because she holds the family fortune, no one will insist that she snap out of her reverie of grief. Her intention is that Estella will learn to break men's hearts as recompense for Miss Havisham's having been broken. She admits to "sick fancies," and her demeanor so troubles Pip that he remarks, "Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it" (95). Yet Pip is ready to forgive Miss Havisham for reducing him to self-hatred, even on that very first day: He tells us that as she watches the card game, Miss Havisham had "the appearance of having dropped... under the weight of a crushing blow" (96). Her posture softens him and he returns to Satis House over and over, even as he knows he is "under" the house's "influence" and it makes him "continue at heart to hate [his] trade" (158).

The Strategic Management Process

In the current business environment, knowledge evolves rapidly and the useful life span of organizational skills is decreasing, which means survival and competitiveness of an organization is linked to its ability to learn and include its findings in their strategic management process. Having cited the criticality of strategic management on the survival of today's business, it is of paramount importance that in this weeks issue I deal on the subject of Strategic Management Process.Key Definitions I would like to start by defining some key words and phrases that are associated with the strategic management process. A Strategy is a company's long-term plan for how it will balance its internal strengths and weaknesses with its external opportunities and threats to maintain a competitive advantage. Strategic management is the process of identifying and executing the organization's mission by matching its capabilities with the demands of its environment.Strategic planning is the process by which the guiding members of an organization envision its future and develop the necessary procedures and operations to achieve that future (Goodliest, teal, 1992). This definition takes us away from the notion that strategic landing is a staff Job and focuses us more on process that requires senior leaders of an organization to set its strategic direction. Strategic plans are important because strategic planning to a few elite in an organization, it should be noted that there different levels of strategic planning.These are corporate level strategies, business level strategies and functional level strategies. The concept of strategic management builds on the definition of strategic planning, recognizing that although planning is the prelude of strategic management, it is not sufficient if it is not followed by the plowmen and implementation of the plan and the evaluation of the plan in action. Strategic management is therefore a systems approach to identifying and making the neces sary changes and measuring the organization's performance as it moves toward its vision.It is the process where managers establish an organization's long term direction, set specific performance objectives; develop strategies to achieve these objectives in light of all the relevant internal and external circumstances, and undertake to execute the chosen direction. The strategic management process is Hereford a series of steps that formulates the strategic planning, implementation and evaluation. This process is depicted by many model/drawings which basically depict the strategic management steps. Most of these models only differ in to the extent to which they simplify the process but they generally agree on major elements.Strategic Management Process Model Fig. 1 It can be seen from fig 1 above that strategic management process is an iterative process as depicted by the arrows. Strategic planning comprises (see Figure 3-1) the first 5 of 7 strategic management tasks: (1) Defining th e business and developing a session, (2) Evaluating the firm's internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and Threats, (3) formulating a new business statement, (4) translating the mission into strategic goals, and (5) formulating strategies or courses of action.The entire 7- Step 1: Define the Current Business Every company must choose the terrain on which it will compete?in particular, what products it will sell, where it will sell them, and how its products or services will differ from its competitors'. Therefore, the most basic strategic decisions managers make involve deciding â€Å"what business† their firms should be in: For instance, in terms of the products or services they'll sell the geographic locales in which they'll sell them, and how they'll distinguish their products or services from competitors'.They ask, â€Å"Where are we now in terms of the business we're in, and what business do we want to be in, given our company's opportunities and thr eats, and its strengths and weaknesses? † Managers then choose strategy to drive the company to achieve the vision. This may be better enshrined in a vision statement as a sort of shorthand to married how they see the business down the road. The company's vision is a general statement of its intended direction that shows, in broad terms, â€Å"what they want to become. Two management gurus, Warren Bennie and Bert Mans say, To choose a direction, a leader must first have developed a mental image of a possible and desirable future state for the organization. This image, which we call a vision, may be as vague as a dream or as precise as a goal or mission statement. The critical point is that a vision articulates a view of a realistic, credible, attractive future or the organization, a condition that is better in some important ways than what now exists.Visions are usually in longer terms, broader images; managers also formulate mission statements to communicate the purpose of t heir (company) present existence. Whereas visions usually lay out in very broad terms what the business should be, the mission lays out in broad terms what their main tasks are now. The mission statement of the company that I work for is; ‘To be the preferred supplier of electricity regionally and abroad. ‘ The mission statement is, to bring convenience to our valued customers through provision of electricity and related services. ‘ Step 2: Perform External and Internal Audits (Environmental scanning).Strategic planning starts by methodically analyzing external and internal situations. The strategic plan should provide a direction for the firm that makes sense, in terms of the external opportunities and threats the firm faces and the internal strengths and weaknesses it possesses. To facilitate this strategic external/internal audit or environmental scanning, we use SOOT analysis. This involves using a SOOT chart to impel and organize the process of identifying com pany Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. When doing internal audits or scan companies should check for their strength and weakness.They should capitalist on their strength to create a competitive advantage in their industry, strengths can be in the form of a hardworking organizational culture which they can ride upon in order to have an edge over other like firms. However companies should also not turn a blind eye on their weaknesses. Weakness doesn't mean that one is incapable but being aware of them calls for a decision to avert them. Weakness can be in the form of lake of strategic objectives that are meant to reduce the effects of the weaknesses. External audits scan for Opportunities and Threats.These can be at micro and macro levels. At macro level businesses should look into the Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environmental and Legal (PESTLE) environment for threats and opportunities. Step 3: Formulate New Business and Mission Statements In light of the situation analysis (environmental scanning), leaders/managers should determine what their new business should be, in terms of what products it will sell, here it will sell them, and how its products or services will differ from its competitors? This may call for establishing or crafting new Mission and Vision statements to stir the company.Step 4: Translate the Mission into Strategic Goals Saying the mission is â€Å"to provide electricity' is one thing; implementing that mission for your managers is another. The firm's managers need strategic goals. What exactly does that mission mean, for each department, in terms of how we'll boost electricity supply? The Government of Zanzibar has recently adopted a new appraisal system or all parallels, government ministries and institution under its new economic blueprint called JIM-ASSET. The system is called Integrated Results Based Management System.Under this system organizational missions are translated into tangible short-term, mid-ter m and long-term goals which are measurable and specific. Strategic goals are the steps to the envisioned future. Not having them is like sitting for a meeting and coming up with no resolutions or action items. Step 5: Formulate Strategies to Achieve the Strategic Goals Again, a strategy is a course of action. It shows how the enterprise will move from the business it is in now to the business it wants to be in (as laid out by its vision, mission, and strategic goals), given the firm's opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses.The strategies bridge where the company is now, with where it wants to be tomorrow. The best strategies are concise enough for the manager to express in an easily communicated phrase that resonates with employees. These are best described as strategic objectives. Keeping the strategy clear and concise helps ensure that employees all hare that strategy and so make decisions that are consistent with it. Specific performance targets are needed in all areas affecting the survival and success of a company, and they are needed at all levels of management.The act of establishing formal objectives not only converts the direction the company is headed into specific performance targets to be achieved but also guards against drift, aimless activity, confusion over what to accomplish and loss of purpose. Step 6: Implement the Strategies â€Å"What we think, know or believe in is, in the end of little consequence. The only consequence is†¦. What we do. (Hands, 1995). Strategy implementation means translating the strategies into actions and results?by actually hiring (or firing) lines.Strategy implementation involves drawing on and applying all the management functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POOL). According to Tom Peters and Robert Waterman, a model termed the Seven â€Å"S† Model provides a framework of implementation of a strategic change. Structure changes may have to be made to cope with strategic cha nges, while systems may need also with the new strategic direction. Skills may need to be upgraded or reshuffled properly. Style or culture of management may need also to be readjusted accordingly.All these have their energy directed to achieve the strategic goals (Vision) as depicted on fig 2 above. Step 7: Evaluate Performance Strategies don't always succeed. For example, TN-Holdings failed when it massively rolled out its Subs across the nation in order to be closer to where its customers are. The strategy failed dismally in the following year because of a huge liquidity crunch that is currently bedeviling our economy?because of evaluation management quickly re-strategists and came up with a new business model. Managing strategy is an ongoing process.

HRM Problem in Indian Airlines

Introduction The Indian Airline was set up under the Air Corporations Act, 1953 with an initial capital of Rs. 32 million and started operations on 1 August 1953. And it dominated the Indian aviation sector during the 80's and 90's. However the rules of monoploy were deregulated in 1994. Following which many carriers entered the market. However, only two strong competitors emerged during the 1990s which were the Jet Airways and Air Sahara.This competition from the new private carriers required the airline to adapt to the new order, a process which was difficult due to the fact that management did not have complete commercial freedom, and the government was unwilling to invest in the airline. Another big reason was the Human Resource Management problems including the inefficient manpower planning, unproductive deployment manpower (results of ad-hoc job analysis), and unwarranted increase in salaries and wages caused a number of strikes by the staffs and the ultimate result is losing c ustomers and the losses in revenue.Between 1999 and 2003, the carrier’s fleet did not increase by a single aircraft – during the same period the private carriers’ fleet almost doubled to 53. Inevitably, Indian Airlines’ market share declined, from 100% in 1994 to 40% by 2004 and just 20% by 2007.Background of IA Indian Airlines is one of the prime airlines in India. It is based in Mumbai and focuses primarily on domestic routes, alone with a few international services to neighboring Asian countries. The airline is state-owned and also administered by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Along with Air India, it is the flag carrier of India. The airline came into existence by the enactment of the Air corporations act in 1953.It has been renamed as ‘Indian' on December 7th 2005. It started with about 99 aircrafts and was the outcome of a merger of sorts among several former independent airlines. In 1964, Indian Airlines moved into the jet era with the intr oduction of Caravelle aircraft and also inducted a Boeing 737-200 in early 1970. In a fresh wave of deregulation, nine new independent airlines were launched in India in the early 1990s. Vayudoot, the state-owned feeder airline, itself collapsed in 1993. On 1st March 1997 Indian Airlines became a Public Limited Company.Presently, it has about 70 aircrafts including Airbus A300, Airbus A319,  Airbus A320and an ATR-4. Some of the foreign destinations that are included in its directory are Kuwait, Singapore, UAE, Qatar, Thailand and many more South East Asian countries. This airline was the first to introduce wide-bodied A300 aircraft in the domestic circuit. There are a total of 75 exclusive destinations covered by this airline, 59 within India and 16 abroad.HR IssuesWhen the government open up the sky by privatize the industry, one of the start-ups, East-West Airlines, offered such attractive wages that they prompted a pilots' strike at Indian Airlines in December 1992 during the w inter tourist season. Indian Airlines had 570 pilots at the time, making an average of Rs 30,000 ($962.00) a month. The airline lost Rs2.11 billion ($64.34 million) for the year. Chairman and managing director L. Vasudev had been hired in July 1992, filling a position vacant since the previous chairman had resigned due to the handling of yet another strike.Mr. Vasudev also resigned in May 1993 blaming the aviation ministry for undermining his authority. Russy Mody was named chairman of both Indian Airlines and Air-India in late 1994. He resigned two years later, also citing a lack of authority. During 1998 both Indian Airlines and Air-India were losing money and needed to restore their aging fleets by the end of the year, the Civil Aviation Ministry had dismissed a joint board of directors from the two airlines.All of the chaos happened because of: †¢The recruitment process †¢Job analysis in IA was not done by scientifically †¢Performance appraisal and reward systems were not scientifically doneFindings †¢Lack of proper manpower planning †¢Underutilization of exiting manpower †¢Without proper scientific analysis †¢Increased staff cost during 1994-98 †¢Unnecessary interference by the Ministry of Civil Aviation †¢Unscrupulous methods use †¢Strikes, go-slow agitation and wage negotiations †¢In 1993- 46 days strike by pilots †¢Unethical (false) medical claims †¢Pilots didn’t work overtime even though they got more money †¢Maximum number of employees per aircraft †¢Lack of government decision policy †¢Unethical practice of service on productivity liked incentives †¢30 full time directors and their retinue of private secretaries, drivers and orderlinessSWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS†¢Large fleet. †¢Experienced staff. †¢Adequate infrastructure and large network. †¢People are loyal towards the national carrier. †¢Government Backing.WEAKNESSES†¢High overhea ds and huge workforce resulting in lower output. †¢Attitude of the staff (The Unions) †¢Political/Bureaucratic unnecessary interference. †¢Indian Airlines has its socio-economic responsibility of catering to the inaccessibility areas at subsidized rate affecting operational expenses. †¢Job security too high.OPPORTUNITIES†¢Tourism industry is gaining momentum. †¢Induction of new aircrafts on lease. †¢Response to some of the promotional fares (schemes) is encouraging. †¢Shelving of the privatization plans of Indian Airlines by the Government of India. †¢Weakening of the dollar rate in comparison to the rupee.THREATS†¢Perception of the better product in comparison to that of the competitor †¢Recent world events hitting the tourism industry badly †¢Increase in the capacity of various airlines †¢Falling market share of Indian Airlines to that of Jet AirwaysRecommendation From 1997, to till now IA had only emphasized on dist ribution, with marketing as a non-issue. Since the company was faced with increasing competition, lack of resources and mounting losses, it had to formulate and implement scientifically proved HR strategies. The best way to prevent union strike is to work with the union and develop policies that avoid a clash between companies and its employees. Unions in projects is different, unions in large corporate is different. We can contain and curtail the strikes in corporate offices but containing it plants need some analysis.1.Check was there any change in the Head of HR department2.The earlier head was removed or retired or left on his own3.Union leaders are locals or outsiders4.Were there any simmering issues which were pending for a long time?5.The earlier agreement is due for re negation?1 and 2 are most important to find the reason and reactions. 3 are to know how the outsiders involved in the local union and so we can divide the union. 4 and 5 – it is always better to keep th e process of the negotiations on the go, and try throwing the ball in their court as far as possible instead of keeping the issue pending with company. And have discussions, deliberations and best method is to divide the employees into department wise – by telling them that it is for close contacts with the all employees.Implementations To implement the decisions taken during the mid 2001, IA followed steps stated below.1.As the first step free and frank discussions with a cross section of the employees were held. Top management undertook extensive tours of all stations to communicate the details and vision behind all major policy initiatives and to get their response to them.2.Focus on training of personnel was enhanced to increase effectiveness.3.A greater transparency was built into recruitment and transfer policies with a view to boosting their trust and confidence.4.In interactions with unions and Associations a firm but fair attitude was taken.5.Productivity Lined Agree ments, where the inflows exceed the outflows despite the fact that market wages were being given, were entered into.Conclusion Airports are the primary infrastructure facility that a country has to offer to the international travel. The case ‘Indian Airlines' HR problems', examines the causes of the HR problems faced by Indian Airlines. The case reveals how poor management and stubborn work force can drive a monopoly into losses. The case also throws light on other lapses such as poor canteen management and payment of excessive allowances.The case is so structured as to enable students to understand why and how Indian Airlines was constantly plagued by HR problems. The students should be able to see how the pilots and other workers used arm-twisting tactics to get IA to agree to all their demands. The case also provides insights into how IA's lackadaisical handling of its HR problems contributed to the overall mess that the airline found itself in.

Overview of the Peoples Crusade

Overview of the People's Crusade A popular movement of crusaders, mostly commoners but also including individuals from all levels of society, who did not wait for the official leaders of the expedition but took off for the Holy Land early, unprepared and inexperienced. The Peoples Crusade was also known as: The Peasants Crusade, The Popular Crusade, or The Crusade of the Poor People. The Peoples Crusade has also been termed the first wave of crusaders by noted Crusades scholar Jonathan Riley-Smith, who has pointed out the difficulty of distinguishing separate crusade expeditions among the almost ceaseless stream of pilgrims from Europe to Jerusalem. How the Peoples Crusade got started: In November 1095, Pope Urban II made a speech at the Council of Clermont calling for Christian warriors to go to Jerusalem and free it from the rule of Muslim Turks. Urban no doubt envisioned an organized military campaign led by those whose entire social class had been built around military prowess: the nobility. He set the official date of departure for mid-August of the following year, knowing the time it would take for funds to be raised, supplies to be procured and armies to be organized. Shortly after the speech, a monk known as Peter the Hermit also began to preach Crusade. Charismatic and passionate, Peter (and probably several others like him, whose names are lost to us) appealed not just to a select portion of travel-ready combatants but to all Christians men, women, children, the elderly, nobles, commoners even serfs. His enthralling sermons fired the religious zeal in his listeners, and many people not only resolved to go on Crusade but to go right then and there, some even following Peter himself. The fact that they had little food, less money, and no military experience did not deter them in the least; they believed they were on a holy mission, and that God would provide. Armies of the Peoples Crusade: For some time, the participants in the Peoples Crusade were regarded as nothing more than peasants. While it is true many of them were commoners of one variety or another, there were also noblemen among their ranks, and the individual bands that formed were usually led by trained, experienced knights. For the most part, to call these bands armies would be a gross overstatement; in many cases, the groups were simply a collection of pilgrims traveling together. Most were on foot and armed with crude weapons, and discipline was almost nonexistent. However, some of the leaders were able to exercise more control over their followers, and a crude weapon can still inflict serious damage; so scholars continue to refer to some of these groups as armies. The Peoples Crusade moves through Europe: In March 1096, bands of pilgrims began to journey eastward through France and Germany on their way to the Holy Land. Most of them followed an ancient road of pilgrimage that ran along the Danube and into Hungary, then south into the Byzantine Empire and its capital, Constantinople. There they expected to cross the Bosphorus to territory controlled by the Turks in Asia Minor. The first to leave France was Walter Sans Avoir, who commanded a retinue of eight knights and a large company of infantry. They proceeded with surprisingly little incident along the old pilgrim route, only encountering any real trouble in Belgrade when their foraging got out of hand. Their early arrival at Constantinople in July took the Byzantine leaders by surprise; they had not had time to prepare proper lodging and supplies for their western visitors. More bands of crusaders coalesced around Peter the Hermit, who followed not far behind Walter and his men. Greater in number and less disciplined, Peters followers encountered more trouble in the Balkans. At Zemun, the last town in Hungary before reaching the Byzantine border, a riot broke out and many Hungarians were killed. The crusaders wanted to escape punishment by crossing the Sava River into Byzantium, and when Byzantine forces tried to stop them, violence ensued. When Peters followers got to Belgrade they found it deserted, and they probably sacked it in their ongoing quest for food. At nearby Nish, the governor allowed them to exchange hostages for supplies, and the town almost escaped without damage until some Germans set fire to mills as the company was leaving. The governor sent troops to attack the retreating crusaders, and although Peter ordered them not to, many of his followers turned to face the attackers and were cut down. Eventually, they reached Constantinople without further incident, but the Peoples Crusade had lost many participants and funds, and they had inflicted serious damage on the lands between their homes and Byzantium. Many other bands of pilgrims followed after Peter, but none made it to the Holy Land. Some of them faltered and turned back; others were sidetracked in some of the most horrific pogroms in medieval European history. The Peoples Crusade and the First Holocaust: The speeches of Pope Urban, Peter the Hermit, and others of his ilk had stirred up more than a pious yearning to see the Holy Land. Urbans appeal to the warrior elite had painted Muslims as enemies of Christ, subhuman, loathsome, and in need of vanquishing. Peters speeches were even more incendiary. From this malevolent viewpoint, it was a small step to see Jews in the same light. It was, sadly, an all-too-common belief that Jews had not only killed Jesus but that they continued to pose a threat to good Christians. Added to this was the fact that some Jews were notably prosperous, and they made the perfect target for greedy lords, who used their followers to massacre entire Jewish communities and plunder them for their wealth. The violence that was perpetrated against European Jews in the spring of 1096 is a significant turning point in Christian and Jewish relations. The horrific events, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Jews, have even been called the First Holocaust. From May to July, pogroms occurred at Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne. In some cases, the bishop of the town or local Christians, or both, sheltered their neighbors. This was successful at Speyer but proved futile in other Rhineland towns. The attackers sometimes demanded that the Jews convert to Christianity on the spot or lose their lives; not only did they refuse to convert, but some even killed their children and themselves rather than die at the hands of their tormentors. The most notorious of the anti-Jewish crusaders was Count Emicho of Leiningen, who was definitely responsible for the attacks on Mainz and Cologne and may have had a hand in the earlier massacres. After the bloodshed along the Rhine was over, Emicho led his forces onward to Hungary. His reputation preceded him, and the Hungarians would not let him pass. After a three-week siege, Emichos forces were crushed, and he went home in disgrace. The pogroms were decried by many Christians of the day. Some even pointed to these crimes as the reason God forsook their fellow crusaders at Nicaea and Civetot. The end of the Peoples Crusade: By the time Peter the Hermit arrived in Constantinople, Walter Sans Avoirs army had been restlessly waiting there for weeks. Emperor Alexius convinced Peter and Walter that they should wait in Constantinople until the main body of Crusaders, who were massing in Europe under powerful noble commanders, arrived. But their followers were not happy with the decision. Theyd undergone a long journey and many trials to get there, and they were eager for action and glory. Furthermore, there still wasnt enough food and supplies for everyone, and foraging and theft were rampant. So, less than a week after Peters arrival, Alexius ferried the Peoples Crusade across the Bosporus and into Asia Minor. Now the crusaders were in a truly hostile territory where there was little food or water to be found anywhere, and they had no plan for how to proceed. They quickly began squabbling amongst themselves. Eventually, Peter returned to Constantinople to elicit help from Alexius, and the Peoples Crusade broke into two groups: one primarily made up of Germans with a few Italians, the other of Frenchmen. Toward the end of September, the French crusaders managed to loot a suburb of Nicaea. The Germans decided to do the same. Unfortunately, Turkish forces expected another attack and surrounded the German crusaders, who managed to take refuge in the fortress at Xerigordon. After eight days, the Crusaders surrendered. Those who did not convert to Islam were killed on the spot; those who did convert were enslaved and sent eastward, never to be heard from again. The Turks then sent a forged message to the French crusaders, telling of great riches the Germans had acquired. In spite of warnings from wiser men, the Frenchmen took the bait. They rushed onward, only to be ambushed at Civetot, where every last crusader was slaughtered. The Peoples Crusade was over. Peter considered returning home but instead remained in Constantinople until the main body of the more organized crusading forces arrived. The text of this document is copyright  ©2011-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not granted to reproduce this document on another website.

19 Colleges With the Lowest Acceptance Rates

19 Colleges With the Lowest Acceptance Rates SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Acceptance rates are an important factor to consider when deciding where to apply to college. A school’s acceptance rate is often considered a measurement of its quality. While this is accurate in many cases, some schools have low acceptance rates for reasons unrelated to the academic excellence of admitted students. In this article, I’ll tell you what the lowest college acceptance rate is, explain why some colleges have such low acceptance rates, and list the colleges with the lowest acceptance rates. Why Do Some Colleges Have Such Low Acceptance Rates? A college can have a low acceptance rate for a variety of reasons. The most common reason for a low acceptance rate is a combination of high academic standards and popularity among prospective students. This happens at Ivy League schools and schools such as Stanford and MIT, which have strong name recognition both in the US and internationally. As a result of their reputations, these schools get huge numbers of applicants every year. They end up with low acceptance rates because they need to turn away the vast majority of applicants in order to maintain their reputations for academic excellence. Only the most qualified students are admitted, and even those who technically meet academic standards might be rejected depending on their other credentials. In 2017, an impressive 47,450 students applied to Stanford- and only 2,040 were accepted! That's an acceptance rate of just 4.3%, giving Stanford one of the lowest college acceptance rates. Low acceptance rates also happen at schools that have very specific criteria for admission and are popular for other reasons. Military schools such as West Point and the US Naval Academy have low acceptance rates because they require applicants to meet other strict criteria besides academic qualifications. Meanwhile, music schools such as Juilliard might have especially low acceptance rates because they’re only willing to accept extremely talented students in a very specific area of study. There are also schools where students are offered free tuition or must meet financial need qualifications in order to be accepted. This means that these schools are popular (everyone wants to avoid paying for college!), but only a small subset of applicants make the cut. In the next two sections, I’ll go through a list of the schools with the lowest acceptance rates in the country; these fall into both the "non-specialized popular and academically rigorous" category and the "popular and specialized" category. How I imagine auditions for Juilliard. Non-Specialized Colleges With Low Acceptance Rates This is a list of schools that do not cater to a specific subset of students and have acceptance rates of less than 10%. These schools include Ivy League institutions and other colleges that have extremely high academic standards and widespread popularity. Keep in mind that you can’t necessarily expect to be accepted just because you meet the average academic requirements. These schools receive many applicants who are academically competitive, but acceptance isn’t a sure thing unless you’ve done something incredible in high school. Any college that has an acceptance rate of less than 15% is a reach school for all students. School Name # of Applicants* Acceptance Rate Average SAT Average ACT Stanford 47,452 4.8% 1465 33 Harvard 42,749 5.2% 1520 34 Columbia 40,203 6.1% 1515 34 Yale 35,307 6.3% 1505 34 Princeton 35,370 6.4% 1500 33 MIT 21,706 7.2% 1528 34 Caltech 8,208 7.7% 1560 35 Pomona 10,245 8.4% 1450 32 UChicago 32,283 8.7% 1530 34 Claremont McKenna 6,272 9.0% 1490 32 Northwestern 40,425 9.2% 1490 33 Brown 35,437 9.3% 1488 32 Penn 44,491 9.3% 1490 33 *Based on fall 2017 admissions data as reported in the College Board's BigFuture database To me, the most intimidating aspect of this building is that the engraved "Us" looks like "Vs." That's how you know something is prestigious. Specialized Colleges With Low Acceptance Rates This is a list of schools that are geared toward specific types of students and have acceptance rates of 15% or less. This includes music schools, military schools, and schools with special financial stipulations that lead to selectivity and popularity. Curtis Institute of Music Undergraduate Enrollment: ~175 Number of Applicants: Not reported Acceptance Rate: 4% Average GPA: Not reported Average SAT/ACT: Not reported Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? Admission at the Curtis Institute of Music is, as the website emphasizes, "based on artistic promise alone." Only the most talented student musicians are accepted, and spots are highly limited (only 40 students were accepted for 2017-18). The school also provides a full-tuition scholarship to each of its students. The Juilliard School Undergraduate Enrollment: 566 Number of Applicants: 4,045 Acceptance Rate: 5.9% Average GPA: Not reported Average SAT/ACT: Not reported Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? Like the Curtis Institute of Music, Juilliard is looking for a very specific, very talented subset of students. Applicants must audition for faculty members as a part of the application process, and performance standards are extraordinarily high. US Naval Academy Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,495 Number of Applicants: 16,086 Acceptance Rate: 8.5% Average GPA: 3.94 Average SAT/ACT: 1410 / 31 Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? In order to attend the US Naval Academy, students must apply for and receive a nomination from a representative, a senator, or the vice president. Applicants must also pass a physical fitness assessment and medical examination to be eligible for admission. Academic standards are high as well. All these factors combined make for a very low acceptance rate. US Military Academy (West Point) Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,491 Number of Applicants: 12,294 Acceptance Rate: 9.6% Average GPA: 3.73 Average SAT/ACT: 1300 / 25 Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? West Point has such a low acceptance rate because it requires students to excel in other ways besides earning high test scores and grades. Like applicants to the US Naval Academy, students must complete a physical fitness assessment and apply for a nomination from a congressperson, a senator, or the vice president. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art Undergraduate Enrollment: 867 Number of Applicants: 2,574 Acceptance Rate: 13.1% Average GPA: 3.50 Average SAT/ACT: 1393 / 31 Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? At the all-honors college Cooper Union, every student not only gets a half-tuition scholarship but is also automatically considered for extra merit scholarships. In addition, the school is home to some highly specialized programs in architecture, fine arts, and engineering. Students applying to the Cooper Union must take "home tests" designed by the school as a way to determine students' individual skill levels. Admission is based significantly on creative abilities as well as academic achievement. Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering Undergraduate Enrollment: 380 Number of Applicants: 878 Acceptance Rate: 13.4% Average GPA: 3.90 Average SAT/ACT: 1497 / 34 Why Is the Acceptance Rate So Low? Olin is an extremely small engineering school that gives a half-tuition scholarship to every student. With Olin also pledging to meet 100% of demonstrated financial need, competition is fierce for the approximately 90 spots each year. Students must not only demonstrate overall academic achievement but also excel in fields such as calculus and physics. At Olin, students have the opportunity to take classes at neighboring schools such as Babson, Brandeis, and Wellesley. You get to wear a cool hat if you graduate from West Point. How to Get Into Colleges With Low Acceptance Rates If you’re hoping to attend one of these colleges, you’ll have to do quite a bit of legwork in high school. For the first group of selective schools, you'll be expected to maintain a very high GPA and earn elite standardized test scores to meet admissions standards. On top of that, you should think about what your true academic and extracurricular passions are and try to translate those into concrete accomplishments. To stand out from the crowd, you’ll need to show these schools that you’re capable of more than just high grades and test scores. Their goal is to admit students who will make a strong, positive impact on the world. We give you more tips in our expert guide on how to get into the most selective schools. For the colleges with low acceptance rates on the second list, the key to acceptance (for the most part) is effective planning and an understanding of exactly what it takes to get in. If you’re looking at a high-caliber music school, for example, you’ll need to be extremely dedicated to practicing music every day and preparing for your audition. For the military schools, you’ll need to apply for your nomination from a government official well before the application deadline. All these schools are challenging to get into, but not impossible if you plan ahead and play your cards right. Just remember that such lofty goals will require lots of dedication and effort! I'm sure you'll ace the college application process. If not, you can always become a professional poker player. From what I've seen, the qualifications are just owning a pair of sunglasses and being severely emotionally stunted. What's Next? If you're interested in schools with low acceptance rates, you'll almost certainly have to have a high GPA. Read this article on how to get good grades in high school for some tips and strategies! Are you a little intimidated by the college application process for competitive schools? Check out our complete guide on how to apply to college. Extracurricular activities can go a long way toward strengthening your application beyond grades and test scores. Learn more about your extracurricular options and why they matter. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Titanic Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Titanic Film - Movie Review Example The paper tells that in the movie â€Å"Titanic† each scene, irrespective of the situation, you would be swept off your feet, seeing its beauty. A typical example of mere creation would be the scene which shows the ships logo. The movie opens with a sepia tone scene of the first voyage of the ship. Slowly as the camera covers the entire ship, it shows that Titanic is the most elegant, grandest and beautiful ship to be ever made on the face of the earth. It shows how majestically it floats in the mighty Atlantic Ocean, even the smoke churning out of the tall smoke towers on the top of the ship, and with the most soulful hymns, to add icing on the cake. She simply becomes the metaphor for Eden, sailing in the ocean of blue. Slowly we see the title, ‘TITANIC’, which appears over dark waters, which eventually speaks of her story, in the same way as Eden, as she will also fall into the darkness of the water. ‘I’m flying’. This happens to be the most beautiful and memorable scene in this movie. Who could ever forget the scene when Jack and Rose stand on the frontest tip of the mighty ship and opens their arms wide, and feel like they are flying. Everything was perfect in this scene, the sun setting, the beautiful hymns of ‘Every Night In My Dreams’, Rose’s clothes and hair symbolizing her freedom, which she is beginning to move into, and the words that she says, â€Å"I Trust You†, to Jack. These aspects make it one of the most beautiful romantic scenes in the history of Hollywood.

Integrated Case Assessment PowerPoint Presentation

Integrated Case Assessment - PowerPoint Presentation Example Strategies can be on different fronts and thus makes it important for the individual plans to be analyzed and verified accordingly before they are rolled out. The company should consider outlining strategies for every department within the organization as a means of enhancing efficiency. To this end, priority should be a factor to consider while outlining the individual strategies. Consequently, it is critical to point out that not all strategies can work for the good of the company. The strategies that have been employed by the company have been a success only to some extent. In fact, there is a need to revise the individual strategies so that a working plan can be enhanced. Strategies in the finance, operations, marketing and human resource departments have not been much of a success. Disharmony in the various departments has been experienced to the extent that synergy has been elusive. The strategies employed before in the respective departments did not take into consideration the need for all the departments to function as though they were one. Profitability has been affected to a large extent by the lack of coordination within the various departments. To this end, there has been a need to have the activities of the company work in harmony to ensure that efficiency and profitability are enhanced. To this end, there has been a need to revise the respective strategies for various departments. The department of finance should be strategically placed at a point of reference with respect to the policies that are drafted. Virtually all operations in the company depend on the resources. It is, therefore, critical for the company to include the finance department in every strategy for the purpose of aligning the company’s budget with other operations. In this strategic report, it is my prayer that we continue to position the finance department as a major driving force of the company as

Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Article analysis - Essay Example The internationalization process helps in development and applicability of the internationalization process theory to the several marketing operations (Conconi, Sapir, and Zanardi, 2013). For example, the gradual internationalization process inspires the organization to enter markets, which have an impact of the economic, social and cultural similarities with the growing domestic and international markets. The study will deal with the various dimensional aspects of internationalization and its effect on the business activities (Birnik and Bowman, 2007). The author of the study will also highlight the various facets of strategies that help in the development of emerging markets. Finally, the study will conclude the impact of emerging markets on the developed and developing economy for the success of the organization and the economy itself. Emerging Markets of Developed & Developing Economy The gradual internationalization process requires exploration of the market with several opportu nities and more or less with equitable similarities. This process also helps in addressing the risks associated with innovative capability and also the perceived risks associated with foreign market entry. There are usually various dimensions to the market entry which increases with the foreign entry modes, and the dimensions include resource commitment and order of market entry. Gradual internationalization requires less resource commitment such as exporting right from the beginning of the market entry and then transfer into other entry modes. Resource commitment requires emphasis on the perceived risk associated with each of the market entry modes (Cai, 2000). The second dimension is the order of market entry modes, which lays emphasis on an organization trying to enter into domestic markets and then expanding into international markets. This order of entry is also known as psychic distance on the internationalization theory. Emerging markets have been regarded as the attractive s ource and target market for further operation and expansion of the base activities. These emerging markets have been regarded as the base of manufacturing activities due to their easy availability, high quality and cheap labor and easy-to-assemble raw materials. The multinational corporation has expanded by opening several units worldwide. It has been observed that Internet organizations expand on a global scale for reduction in deviation methods and errors in their distribution system (Gustafson, 2011). The Internet organization has expanded a larger scale for wider operations and also increases in their outcome for various purposes. Internationalization Process Theory The concept of internationalization process was formulated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul and was modified gradually by other authors. The internationalization process differs marginally between policy formulations and status quo. This process also helps in conceptualizing the international marketing theory in a di fferent way, which is often termed as an entrepreneurial fact (Shirani, 2009). The major objectives of the internationalization process is access to low cost production, proximity to suppliers, availability of technical and non-technical skills, reducing competition, energy, etc. (Kim, 2003). The internationalization process also helps in understanding the entry mode strategies and developing a market entry mode for the company accordingly. Internationaliza

Impact of World Trade Organization (WTO) Policies

Impact of World Trade Organization (WTO) Policies World trade organization (WTO): Introduction: World exchange transactions designed for understandings and settlements for exchange liberalization have been occurring persistently since 1986, with the initiation of the Uruguay Round of transactions in the schema of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which turned into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Since the establishing of the WTO the transactions have been highlighted by an arrangement of ecclesiastical gatherings where real choices are to be made by the most abnormal amount of government authorities. Some of these gatherings have been disappointments all alone terms— practically as regularly as they have been effective. Contrasts over the regulation of horticultural exchange whats more homestead endowments assumed focal parts in the most broadcasted of the disappointments, in Seattle in 1999 and in Cancun, Mexico, in 2003. Verifiable setting At the point when inspecting issues behind this worldwide contention, it is vital to comprehend the verifiable connection of exchange liberalization. World financial history has long been described by cycles—or pendulum swings—between more liberated exchange and protectionism. Swings to exchange liberalization are frequently alluded to as financial incorporation— as in coordinating the economies of Canada, the US and Mexico through NAFTA—and the latest swing has been named financial globalization. It would be wrong to assume that incorporation and globalization have never happened some time recently. The most clear authentic illustration is that of European frontiers, in which the economies of the states were incorporated into the undeniably worldwide economies of Europe Structural Adjustment: Forerunner to Trade Agreements The South required obligation rebuilding and the North needed more noteworthy access to Southern markets. The arrangement was obligation rebuilding molded upon the selection of Structural Adjustment Packages (Saps) by Southern governments. A focal peculiarity of these Saps was exchange liberalization including the slicing of imports levies and portions, steep cuts in residential endowments, and begin of no matter how you look at it privatization of state administrations and services. From the GATT to the Uruguay Round and the WTO An arrangement of exchange talks which kept going from 1986 to 1994, and that extended the tenets of worldwide exchange to cover administrations and protected innovation. An exchange round is the name given to arrangement of arrangements where nations attempt to achieve concessions to exchange issue, for example, levy diminishment. The World Exchange Organization (WTO) was made as one of the understandings of the Uruguay Round. The WTO started life in 1995 as another worldwide trade organization, changing the GATT into a more enforceable worldwide exchange code focused around an arrangement of approvals for rebelliousness. The expressed goals of the world trade organization incorporate raising expectations for everyday comforts, guaranteeing full job and a vast and relentlessly becoming volume of genuine wage and viable request, and growing the generation of and exchange merchandise and administrations, in different words, financial improvement focused around the business. This impli es that WTO understandings are intended to bring free market standards into worldwide exchange, through two fundamental components: 1) decreasing exchange boundaries, and 2) applying nondiscriminatory standards. One other imperative guideline, from a certain point of view, is attention for creating nations. Current Status of the WTO Negotiations After the disappointment of the Cancun clerical gathering, arrangements on rural exchange and sponsorships moved in two different bearings. From one perspective, both the U’s whats more the EU hurried to arrange and now and again sign local and respective organized commerce assertions. These incorporated the signings and arrangements between the U’s whats more Central America (CAFTA), the Andean area, the Middle East, Australia, Africa and others, including the stalled arrangements for the Western Hemisphere (FTAA), (Q.A 2003) what’s more between the EU and Latin America, EU extension, and respective negotiations. (Becker, Elizabeth. 2004a) Then again, the US and the EU have escalated their endeavors to concur on another skeleton for WTO arrangements post-Cancun. This took the type of transactions on the alleged July skeleton that closed in Geneva on August 1, 2004. Eyewitnesses noted overwhelming weight strategies by the U’s whats more 6. The key issues in present exchange arrangements 6.1. Grocery Access This is an issue for both Northern and Southern governments. As we saw in the chronicled audit above, access to Southern nation markets for U’s furthermore European Union (EU) fares was a key inspiration first for Saps and later for exchange transactions. Then again, the asymmetry by which Northern nations right now depend on a scope of non-exchange boundaries (Ntbs) to offer more noteworthy assurance to their home markets than Southern nations are allowed for theirs, has transformed business sector access to Northern markets, for Southern fares, into a focal revitalizing cry of the present round of transactions. This was one of the key focuses of accord that united the purported G-20 which incorporated various vast Southern agro export forces like Brazil, China, South Africa and India—in their hindering of new assertions in Cancun. 6.2. Local Subsidies Domestic sponsorships are government installments and administrations to ranchers and agribusinesses, and are off and on again mistaken for residential helps, with is a more extensive classification that additionally incorporates instruments to help crop whats more animal’s costs, in the same way as import duties and standards, and value helps. While the U’s whats more EU formally underwrite slicing appropriations, in practice they have been extremely hesitant to do along these lines, and have regularly depended on what faultfinders and Southern governments see as camouflaging exchange bending appropriations as non-exchange contorting ones. Consequently the endowment issue has assumed a key part in numerous fizzled exchange summits. Agriculturist associations, then again, and numerous exchange economists, see the sponsorship issue in an unexpected way. They indicate studies demonstrating that regardless of the fact that all Northern exchange contorting appropriations we re uprooted tomorrow, unnecessarily low yield also domesticated animals costs would even now plague worldwide merchandise markets Send out Subsidies This is an alternate significant bone of controversy, however one in which evident U’s also EU concessions as of late help re-begin stalled WTO arrangements. As per WTO rationale, these countries, particularly the EU, have huge appropriations for exporters (to a great extent agribusinesses and not ranchers), which are intensely exchange mutilating. The US has since quite a while ago utilized fare credits excluded in the WTOs specialized meaning of fare appropriations to sidestep the fare sponsorship issue and point the finger at the EU 7. Dumping and Subsidies: Unraveling the Confusion Dumping is what is driving a great many agriculturists off the area all through the Third World also into urban slums and global transient streams. It causes the low product costs that make gaining a work off the area progressively impossible.( Bullard, Nicola. 2004). It is likewise unlawful under settled global guidelines. Yet due to the way these principles are composed, they are basically unenforceable when the complainant is a poor nation. First and foremost, nations must have residential enactment that makes dumping illicit. Numerous creating nations dont have such enactment. Second, the organizations (or ranchers) influenced must take after that residential law, which normally intimates indicating damage to the segment all in all an overwhelming test when the segment is involved a million or more smallholders. While dumping is actually the most obvious issue of the current global exchange administration in ranch items, the media keeps on focusing on US and EU appropriations. Th e disarray over sponsorships and dumping has deliberately or unintentionally reached out to the Cairns gathering countries, by the G-20 arranging coalition, and by elements and individuals as various as the World Bank, Oxfam, Jacques Diouf of FAO, Kofi Annan (leader of the UN), the Wall Street Journal, and heading standard economists.( de Grassi, Aaron, and Peter Rosset) 8. Elective Paradigms Two noteworthy options to the rural liberalization ideal model have been put forward, both with noteworthy effects. These are: 8.1. Multi functionality According to this concept, ( Grain, 2004)agribusiness is not pretty much creating tradable wares, yet rather has different capacities in the public eye. It is additionally about saving scenes and securing homestead vocations and country conventions, and it is about nourishment security, and in this manner merits uncommon attention in exchange assertions, as per the defenders of this concept.( Green, Duncan. 2003) Multi functionality was initially championed by the EU, to some extent as an approach to support keeping up endowments for European ranchers. The EU looked for a partnership with the Third World countries on this idea, yet the U’s furthermore Cairns Group (a coalition of real agro exporting nations) effectively contended that the EU was liable of guarding its own particular ranchers while sponsoring fares that undercut agriculturists somewhere else, consequently blocking backing for this idea from Southern countries. 8.2. Sustenance Sovereignty The idea has picked up huge prevalence and reverberate in common society divisions of countries both North and South, and has been created into a comprehensive and inside intelligible option framework. (Hayenga, M. and R. Wisner, 2000) Like the idea of multi functionality, it is focused around the extraordinary nature of horticulture (as contrasted with industry, for instance). Sustenance Sovereignty advocates contend that nourishment and cultivating are about more than exchange, and that generation for neighborhood and national markets is more imperative than generation for fare from the points of view of: wide based whats more comprehensive nearby and national financial advancement, and for tending to destitution and appetite, safeguarding country life, economies and situations, and overseeing common assets in a manageable manner. They contend that each nation and individuals must have the right and the capacity to characterize their own nourishment, cultivating, and farming approa ches that they have to have the right to secure residential markets, and to have open segment plan for agribusiness that may incorporate sponsorships which dont prompt more prominent generation, fares, dumping and harm to different nations. 9. Arrangement Alternatives for a Different Agriculture Provides each one of us with sufficient, moderate, sound, heavenly and socially fitting nourishment. Offers provincial people groups in each of our nations the opportunity for an existence with poise, in which they gain a living pay for their work and have the opportunity to stay in provincial regions on the off chance that they favor not to relocate to urban areas. Contributes to expansive based, comprehensive financial improvement at the nearby, territorial furthermore national level. Provincial people groups are more being constrained by monetary need to surrender the area also look for their fortune in peri-urban slums and shanty towns, or join the worldwide transient stream. Rustic economies are in a condition of monetary breakdown, from Iowa to Africa, and horticulture helps ever less to neighborhood, local and national monetary improvement. Provincial situations are by and large quickly debased, soils compacted, dissolved and harmed with pesticides, and stripped of biodiversity 10. Business sector Access and Protection: Stop Dumping At the point when poorer nations are obliged to give more outside access to their residential markets than wealthier nations accommodate them, most eyewitnesses consider the framework unequal furthermore uncalled for. When they open their business sectors they get to be defenseless to dumping. Most performing artists appear to concur, at any rate logically, that closure dumping ought to be an objective of universal transactions in agriculture. First, we have to dispense with obvious and concealed fare endowments as fast as could reasonably be expected, despite the fact that that is not as simple as it sounds. In principle this is settled upon even by governments in the WTO, while in practice there are horde ways these endowments are masked and hidden. Second, in light of the fact that full consistence is farfetched, all nations must be allowed a wide scope of choices to ensure themselves from dumping. For instance, all nations ought to be permitted to force countervailing obligations or take other defensive measures if agrarian fares from different nations are consistently dumped at short of what expense of generation costs. 11. Supply Management: Regulate Overproduction Ceaseless worldwide over-creation is a commonly fortifying, descending winding for the worlds agriculturists, as they battle to create more to make up for lower and lower costs, matched against the ever higher generation expenses of the mechanical cultivating model. A generally little number of agro export forces, headed by the U’s also EU, are in charge of the greater part of the over-production. The first is to reestablish enhanced creation restricting approaches for key harvests in the US and the EU. The main demonstrated approaches to diminish creation in the North are generation shares and taking land out of creation, while reinstituting open administration of surpluses—for people in general great and costs. There must be some kind of instrument which keeps agribusiness from seizing powerful, regardless of the fact that aberrant, control of the surpluses, and which includes both government and family cultivate delegates in arranging and choice 12. Potential Stumbling Blocks As Tim Wise has said (Nadal, Alejandro, 2004) these measures face numerous deterrents, most prominently the deliberate resistance of the compelling companies and their legislature associates that right now profit most from the worldwide exchanging framework in farming. Yet these recommendations offer a number of advantages that make them at any rate as conceivable as the thought that we could truly wipe out Northern homestead appropriations. As a matter of first importance, these option recommendations make characteristic associates of rancher and laborer bunches as far and wide as possible, North and South, East and West, as has been sufficiently exhibited by Through Compazine. They additionally lay the introductory foundation for more extensive coalitions and unions inside national and worldwide common society. They could give a shared opinion to numerous Third World and G-10 administrations, were it conceivable to wean them from agribusiness and agro export impacts. They encroach less on national sway, permitting nations to pick the measures they lean toward for the nourishment and cultivating frameworks they need, the length of such approaches dont prompt fare dumping, and they could be a great deal less expensive regarding citizen dollars used on ranch appropriations, with much better conclusions for the greater part of society. 13. 2003—the WTO Cancun Ministerial Yet the Cancun WTO Ministerial broken down much the same as Seattle, again faltering over farming and again checked by enormous road challenges and the immolation toward oneself at the blockades of Korean ranch pioneer Mr. Lee Kyung-Hae. (Patel, Raj, and Sanaz Memarsadeghi, 2003). Cancun likewise denoted the rise of new Southern nation arranging alliances, most broadly the G-20 gathering of nations with extensive agro export potential, and the G-33 and G-90 alliances of less capable Underdeveloped countries 14. WTO Agricultural Negotiations in Geneva Brussels Washington, July 22, 2004. The current drive to achieve concurrence on farming issues at the World Trade Organization (WTO) ought to be brought to an end. The WTO General Council is gathering in Geneva, beginning July 27th, to talk about a skeleton on farming that is totally unsuitable. We propose another EU farming arrangement, another US Farm Bill, and new global exchange controls, all focused around nourishment power and manageable family cultivating. The European Union and the United States must put an end to the cheat they have been forcing on other WTO parts since the Uruguay Round of the GATT in 1994. Propping up the US and EU farming frameworks with gigantic measures of immediate installments re-ordered as green box or blue box installments fizzles wretchedly in covering the guile of the EU, US and the multinational agribusiness partnerships that advantage from purchasing low-estimated things. The cases by these companies that shoddy products advantage shoppers is m isrepresented by their steadily expanding net revenues, the demolition of neighborhood nourishment frameworks, and becoming populaces of undernourished residence. References: A, Q. (2003).EU farm reform. BBC: British Broadcasting Service. Elizabeth, B. (2004).â€Å"WTO rules against US on cotton subsidies. The New York Times. Nicola, B. (2004).G20: Their power is not ours. Focus on the Global South. Focus Web. NFFC, C. (2004).WTO Agricultural Negotiations in Geneva A joint statement by the European Farmers Coordination (CPE) and the National Family Farm Coalition: USA (NFFC. Grassi, d. and Rosset, p. (2014).Forthcoming. A New Green Revolution for Africa? Myths and Realities of Agriculture, Technology and Development. Oakland: Food First Books. The disease of the day: Acute treatyitis. The Myths and Consequences of free trade agreements with the US. GRAIN,. (2004). us. Duncan. G. (2003). The Cancun WTO ministerial meeting: A view from the sidelines. Trade Hot Topics Commonwealth. M, H. and Wisner, R. (2000). Cargills Acquisition of Continental Grains Grain Merchandising Business.Review of Agricultural Economics, 1(22), pp.252/266. Alejandro, N. (2004).Ser vago en la OMC. La Jornada. Mwxico. Memarsadeghi, S. (2003).Agricultural restructuring and concentration in the United States: Who wins? Who loses? Institute for Food and Development Policy (Food First), Policy Brief No. 6..